This document provides definitions for common vocabulary associated with traceability, traceability technology products and systems, and seafood supply chains. Illustrations, diagrams, and photographs of select terms have also been included to provide additional clarification.
We have organized glossary terms into categories to help orient the reader and provide all related terms in one location. Within categories, terms are listed alphabetically. The first section of the glossary provides an overview of the categories for quick reference.
This glossary is a living document that will continue to be expanded as new technologies, systems, and initiatives related to seafood traceability evolve. The online version of this document will be the most up to date, with periodic revisions made to the downloadable PDF.
List of Categories
SUPPLY CHAIN ACTORS: Key trading partners and stakeholders involved in moving wild and farmed seafood from harvest to consumer.
SUPPLY CHAIN STRUCTURE: Terms related to the physical configuration of seafood supply chains and product flow.
TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS & PROCESSES: The various types of track and trace hardware and software combinations, the kinds of data they collect and share, internal processes associated with traceability, and the five core business functions of end-to-end traceability.
HARDWARE FOR DATA CAPTURE: Products, equipment and labels used for capturing and displaying data.
DATA: Types of information collected in seafood supply chains.
DATA PROCESSES: Terms associated with data management (capturing, storing, and sharing) relevant to movement of seafood product through the supply chain.
SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESSES: Terms associated with business transactions, product manipulation and transformation relevant to movement of seafood product through the supply chain.
LOGISTICS AND PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS: Units of product, specific documents related to products, and other physical materials associated with seafood products.
ORGANIZATIONS: Key institutions that play a role in seafood supply chain function and traceability.
Supply Chain Actors
Aquaculture Facility
The physical location at which marine or freshwater fish, shellfish, or plants are bred, reared, and harvested. Aquaculture (or fish farming) produces food fish, sport fish, bait fish, ornamental fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae, sea vegetables, and fish eggs.
Broadline Distributor
Very large distributor of food products and other supplies that serves restaurant and foodservice establishments. Typically, broadline distributors purchase products from hundreds, if not thousands, of suppliers and food processing companies.
Broker (Also, Trader)
Person who buys, sells, arranges, and negotiates the sale of seafood between and among producers, buyers, and sellers. Brokers sometimes have access to markets that others cannot access. Brokers often do not handle the seafood physically, but make arrangements for the sale and transportation of that product.
Buyer
Person working for a wholesaler, retailer, or restaurant who is responsible for purchasing seafood products that meet pre-established requirements for price, quality, and consumer preference. Buyers maintain inventory and identify and establish new, direct supplier relationships. Depending on the type of business and the location, buyers may buy direct from fishers, processors, or wholesalers.
Cold Storage
Refrigerator or freezer warehouse that stores seafood product for later use by seafood processors or wholesalers. Commercial cold-storage operators charge a daily, weekly, or monthly fee for storage space and to ensure that proper temperatures are maintained.
Consumer
Person who ultimately buys (and potentially eats) a seafood product, and where the supply chain ends. Typically, the consumer purchases the product from a restaurant or retail location, though some will buy direct from producers.
Customer
A business or individual that receives product from a trading partner along the supply chain. Note that in this context, the term refers to a business-to-business (B2B) transaction and not the consumer.
Dealer
Person or business that participates in the sale and processing of seafood. In some countries, accurate dealer records of fish landings and sales data are required by the government or by fishery managers.
Distributor
Person or business selling seafood to restaurants or retailers. Most distributors buy from processors or wholesalers, though some distributors buy direct from fish auctions or producers. Others also dabble in processing.
End Buyer
Retail or restaurant business that sells seafood to the final consumer. This is often confused with the consumer—the person who purchases seafood from a retail store or restaurant.
Enumerator
Person who meets boats at the dock to count, weigh, grade, and record landings for fishery management or tax purposes. Enumerators usually are employed by the local government or a local NGO.
Exporter
Person or business shipping seafood out of the country in which it was caught, landed, or processed. Most often, the export will be to a wholesaler who receives the product in the new country.
First Receiver
Buyer (usually a processor or wholesaler) who purchases seafood directly from the producer. The first receiver can also be a fish auction.
Foodservice
Business or organization that prepares meals in large volumes. Foodservice includes independent restaurants, chain restaurants, universities, hotels, government and hospital cafeterias, and caterers.
Importer
Person or business that brings in seafood from another country for the purpose of resale, usually to a wholesaler.
Middleman
Person, especially in artisanal fisheries, that receives the product from the producer and passes along to the dealer or processor. Can also refer more generally to any node in the supply chain after producer and before the end buyer.
Primary Processor
Person or business that performs the first steps in seafood processing, including heading, gutting, scaling, and deboning finfish, shucking shellfish, and holding crustaceans in live tanks.
Producer
Fisher or aquaculture facility that harvests fish or shellfish.
The person in a company responsible for purchasing inputs for production (as in the case of secondary processors and distributors) or products for final sale (as in the case of restaurants and retail establishments). Purchasing managers may follow purchasing criteria related to certain product attributes, quality, or price.
A person who owns and operates a restaurant.
Retailer
Person or business that sells seafood to the consumer, as opposed to another business or wholesaler.
Secondary Processor
Person or business that receives seafood from a primary processor (or other secondary processor) in order to process the seafood further before sale. Secondary processing could involve filleting, portioning, cooking, canning, smoking, adding other ingredients, or merely thawing, refreezing, then repackaging.
Specialty Distributor
Person or business specializing in the sale of seafood items that command a premium price based on quality or other preferred attributes.
Supplier
Person or business buying seafood from producer or wholesaler with intent to sell to restaurants or retailers who serve consumers.
Trading Partner
Any person or business that affects the flow of goods through a supply chain. Examples include producers, processors, third-party logistics providers, wholesalers, distributors, retailers, and foodservice operators.
Transporter
Person or business responsible for moving seafood from one point in the supply chain to another. Often a third party that specializes in seafood and other cold transport. Transporters do not transform the products they transport, but may provide cold storage services.
The person or entity (sometimes a company or group of investors) that owns a fishing vessel (and usually also one or more fishing licenses attached to the vessel). Vessel owners may also be captains, or they may hire a crew and captain to fish on their behalf.
Wholesaler
Person or business that purchases seafood for the purpose of resale to another business in the supply chain.
Supply Chain Structure
Supply "chain" diagram:
the reality:
Cold Chain
Supply chain that also serves to maintain products at or below a particular temperature through refrigerated storage and transport.
Downstream
Any successive stage of the seafood production process that involves processing, packaging, and sale of a finished product that actually reaches the consumer. Downstream is the direction of the supply chain away from the producer and toward the consumer. For example, packaging is a downstream stage from fish-cutting and processing.
A defined entity representing the human, biological, geographical, and physical agents and processes involved with raising or harvesting specific fish. That could include, but is not limited to, the people involved (e.g., fishers, processors, scientists, etc.), the species or type of fish, landing location, area of water or seabed, catch method or gear type, class of boats, and purpose of the activities (e.g., commercial, recreational, protected reserve).
Fragmentation
Having different components of seafood processing located in different places or performed by different companies. Fragmentation makes it difficult to maintain accurate information flow between and among companies.
Horizontal Concentration
Occurs when a few firms dominate a particular node in the supply chain and can control the flow and pricing of a product or products. In artisanal fisheries, this often is seen as a single middleman aggregating catch from multiple fishers.
Stakeholder Ecosystem
The network of supply chain companies and other organizations (e.g., NGOs and government agencies) directly and indirectly involved with the production, processing, transporting, and final sale of a seafood product. The interaction of players within the network may be competitive or cooperative, antagonistic or synergistic. (See also fishery)
Supply Chain
People and businesses involved with the production, processing, brokering, and distribution of seafood from fisher to consumer. Seafood may be transformed multiple times along the supply chain as it changes hands from one member of the supply chain to another.
Upstream
Any stage of the seafood production process that occurs prior to another supply chain process. Upstream is the direction of the supply chain toward the producer and away from the consumer. As another example, primary processors are upstream from wholesalers.
Vertical Integration
Consolidation of multiple points on the supply chain into a single company. In seafood, a vertically integrated company may own seafood vessels as well as processing facilities.
Traceability Systems & Processes
Batch Traceability
Ability to track information about a group of seafood products (referred to as a batch) that have similar attributes such as catch location, species name, catch date, and processing location.
The sharing of minimal data required to enable supply chain traceability without sharing proprietary or confidential data.
Data Verification
The capacity to cross-check product or company-level information at any point in the supply chain with data supplied by other stakeholders or vetted by third parties. Data verification is critical for proving the legitimacy of the data and for preventing what might develop as traceability fraud. Verification can include mass-balance; data entry checks; restrictions on the ability to delete or modify data at a later date; verification of data accuracy via fish tickets or landing documents; verification of legal fishing through vessel monitoring systems (VMS) or AIS operations; and certificate status for health code or chain of custody compliance. Data Verification is one of the five core business functions of traceability identified by Future of Fish.
Electronic traceability
Seafood product information relevant to traceability is recorded, stored, shared, and accessed via electronic means as opposed to using a paper-based system. Elements of electronic traceability may include computerized or cloud-based databases, enterprise resource planning (ERP), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), data standards, and bar codes or RFID systems (to name a few).
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Business management software used internally to collect and monitor information related to seafood business processes, such as purchasing, processing, marketing, sales, accounting, and inventory management.
External Traceability
The ability to track key data elements and other information about a seafood product as it moves between trading partners and through the supply chain. At a minimum, external traceability is one-up, one-down traceability. Increasingly, cloud-based data systems can also provide external traceability. Such cloud-based systems allow trading partners to capture, store, share and access product-level information across multiple nodes and potentially, the whole supply chain. The ability to perform external traceability depends on each trading partner having adequate internal traceability. External traceability also hinges on trading partners making commitments to share relevant information with other trading partners, either in one-up, one-down fashion or via a cloud-based system.
A general term used to describe an electronic data system to collect, manage, and share fisheries information for a wide variety of uses.
Integrated Hardware Traceability
Includes bar codes, readers, RFID tags, and scanners to record information related to seafood products for traceability purposes. Integrated systems typically dovetail with a company’s computer systems, such as financial, information technology, and inventory management systems.
Internal traceability
The ability of a company to both track and preserve information about individual batches or units as they move through its facility. The tracking and data preservation must exist throughout all internal processes, such as when a batch or unit is aggregated, disaggregated, transformed, transported or otherwise altered.
A planned internal event practiced by processors, distributors, retailers and others in the supply chain on a routine basis to test the responsiveness and effectiveness of their individual recall plans, traceability systems, and recall procedures.
One-Up, One-Down
Record-keeping to track purchases (one up) and sales (one down) of all seafood products that move through a particular entity in the supply chain. This process is required by some countries for product recall purposes, and is a form of traceability that is a part of a larger whole chain traceability system.
Paper-based Traceability
System using paper records, such as trip tickets, bills of lading, purchase orders, invoices, and handwritten labels to capture, store, and share information about seafood products for the purpose of traceability. Paper-based traceability is widespread in the seafood industry and may involve a combination of printed and scanned documents sent via email.
Product-Data Pairing
Product-data pairing is the physical attachment of product information to the product itself. This can be achieved with a barcode, RFID chip, QR code, or alphanumeric (human-readable) code that journeys with the product as it moves through the supply chain. Under this approach, information about each product accumulates through each step, eliminating the problem of data attrition that occurs with internal traceability. Product-data pairing is one of the five core business functions of traceability identified by Future of Fish.
Supply Chain Visibility
The ability to know information about the companies supplying products—specifically where they are located, what they do, how they do it, and whether their licenses and practices fall within legal limits. The focus of supply chain visibility is at the company or facility level, not at the product level. Its key value is proof of compliance is with particular requirements such as IUU and sustainability certification, as well as with risk management. Supply Chain Visibility is one of the five core business functions of traceability identified by Future of Fish.
Technology Architecture
A set of standards, protocols and processes designed to provide a blueprint of how various technology platforms can work together towards a common goal. For the purpose of traceability, a technology architecture is used to enable interoperability of systems to allow for seamless data flow and authorized access through the supply chain.
Activities undertaken as-needed by a company to test the ability of its traceability system to provide accurate information about product origin and destination. The exercises are often undertaken to ensure efficient process is in place for emergency recall purposes but are relevant for other risk mitigation. See overview here. Track-forward exercises involve the ability to accurately identify and report on information related to a target/recalled product including: quantity of units involving target product produced on a given day; names of customers that received target product and quantity received by each; target product still in inventory or in storage; products into which target product was an ingredient; write-offs or stock waste of target product; any other information related to destination of target product. Trace-back exercises involve the ability to accurately identify the origins of a target/recalled product, including: raw material suppliers; quantities of raw materials received on a particular date; manufacturing recipes or formulations; production records (including staff working a particular shift); and any other information related to the origins of raw materials.
Verifiability (See also Data Verification)
Ability to validate and confirm information about seafood origins and other characteristics that may be on a label or otherwise associated with a product.
Vessel-Dock or Farm Level Data Capture
One of the five core business functions of traceability technology, the ability to create a supply chain with verifiable, accurate, and traceable data starts with the capture of catch information at the point of harvest or with the first receiver (e.g., at the dock). Once collected, this information can be paired with the product and uploaded to a database, where it can be pushed through or accessed by the supply chain via one or more traceability technology systems. Vessel-Dock or Farm Level Data Capture is one of the five core business functions of traceability identified by Future of Fish.
Hardware for Data Capture
Bar code
A series of thin and thick lines that carry machine-readable information about a product. The bar coding standards for consumer products are EAN-8 (8-digits) and EAN-13 (13 digits). The standard used for logistical units is ITF 14 (14 digits). GS1-128 (up to 129 alpha-numeric characters) is used within the GS1 Standard to allow barcodes to include specific product attributes such as harvest dates, harvest locations, lot numbers, quantities, weights, and packing dates. The hardware for bar code labeling includes labels, label printers, scanners and computer systems.
Data carriers
Labels or tags containing data that are physically attached to a unit in order to pair data with a product. Data carriers can be machine-readable, such as bar codes and RFID tags, or may be human-readable, such as standard labels or both, such as hybrid labels.
Identifiers
The system of codes, including alphanumeric and symbolic codes, used in supply chains to record product data and differentiate specific units or batches. Identifiers may be embedded in barcode labels or RFID tags, both of which may be scanned and recorded in databases. Companies may generate their own identifiers, or they may use standard identifiers, such as those created by GS1.
Labels (Also Case Markings)
Informational tags, stickers, or printings on product packaging that provides details about the products.
Product identification
The linking of a physical product throughout a firm’s operations, including when product is disaggregated or transformed. Common practices include the use of bar codes, QR codes, physical stamps, and labels. [1]
QR Code
Printed code that is readable by a smartphone camera and displays a specific webpage. QR codes on seafood labels usually are associated with information and photos about the seafood brand, fishery, fishers, or other information that tells the story of the fish.
Reader
A device used to retrieve information from a bar code or RFID tag. Readers can be hand-held scanners or stationary devices, such as RFID readers that are mounted in loading doorways to read RFID tags as product is moving from one area within a facility to the next.
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
Technology that uses small tags attached to products to store and transmit electronic product codes (EPC). Passive RFID tags require the use of stationary or handheld readers that electronically prompt the tags to transmit data. Unlike bar codes, RFID tags do not need to be in the line of sight of a reader. Active RFID tags use their own power supplies to send information to readers that can be up to a mile away. Implementation of RFID requires tags, labeling devices, readers, and information technology systems.
Data
A unique alpha-numeric or bar code identifier used to differentiate batches. Batch numbers are usually linked with production time and place, and are the cornerstones of traceability.
Catch Origin
Location where sh or shell sh are captured or harvested. This can be recorded precisely by vessels equipped with global positioning systems (GPS), or may refer broadly to a fishing region within the jurisdiction of a state or country or area of ocean if caught outside of jurisdictional waters.
Electronic Product Code (EPC)
A unique identifier used in RFID tags to differentiate products in the supply chain. EPC is managed by EPCglobal, a joint nonprofit venture between GS1 and GS1 US.
Global Trade Item Number (GTIN)
The GS1 standard for identifying items traded in a supply chain. GTINs are 14-digit identifiers to ensure uniqueness.
Human readable information
Information printed on a label that is easily read and understood without the need to decipher codes.
Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU)
Illegal fishing activities are those being conducted without permission or in violation of formal laws and regulations. Unreported fishing occurs when landings are not reported to the government or fishery management authority. Unregulated fishing is the harvesting of fish and shellfish stocks for which there are no conservation or management measures in place.
Key Data Elements
The different pieces of information that capture the who, what, where, and when of a seafood product as it moves through different Critical Tracking Events in the supply chain. Industry-wide agreement about what information needs to be captured continues to be a work-in-progress.
Landing Location
Location where sh or shell sh are off-loaded from a vessel. Note this data is different from the catch origin, which is where the product was harvested from the sea. Both landing location and catch origin are important data for verifying source information about a product and ensuring that products are traveling through legal and documented supply chains.
Lot Number (See Batch Number)
Ontology (Also Vocabulary)
A complex and formally defined, classified, and characterized set of concepts and relationships (known together as terms) for use in information technology applications. Ontologies are useful for resolving ambiguities in datasets when performing data integration. Ontologies also can be called vocabularies, but vocabularies tend to be simpler and less formal sets of terms.
Serial Number
An alphanumeric code used to identify a single unit for the lifetime of that unit. Most often, serial numbers are given sequential codes so that products within batches can be easily recalled if necessary.
Data Process
Aphia
The underlying platform of the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) and its more than 80 related global, regional, and thematic species databases. Aphia is designed to capture taxonomic and related data and information, and includes an online editing environment, which allows easy access to experts so they can update the content of the database in a timely fashion. [10]
An open and bidirectional (ship-to-ship, or ship-to-shore) satellite-based communication technology used at sea to automatically and continuously send data about a vessel and its whereabouts (e.g., name, flag, call-sign, size, type, lat-long position, course, speed, etc.). That information is accessible by other vessels equipped with AIS, as well as by land-based receivers (e.g., Vessel Traffic Services). Recently AIS information has been made available online for public viewing and vessel tracking (e.g., Marine Traffic).
A public, permanent, unalterable, and constantly updated digital file of encrypted transactions that is stored in multiple copies across a network of devices. Distributed ledgers are distributed databases with decentralized data management systems. Because every storage device has an exact and updated copy of the ledger, data can be verified, audited, and protected from fraud and tampering—an important feature when transactions are occurring among actors that do not know or trust one another. Blockchain (originally invented for the digital currency, Bitcoin) is one system that uses a distributed ledger in which transactions are stored as chained blocks of data. [2] [6]
Catch Documentation and Traceability (CDT)
Catch Documentation and Traceability (CDT) is a system designed to document and verify the legality of a seafood product at the point of catch or landing or anywhere along the supply chain by a member of the a. CDT was developed by USAID to help ensure that fishery resourcs from Southeast Asia are legally caught and properly labeled.
Refers to the successive linking of information as a product moves through the production process. At each step in production, additional data is created and can be added to the product’s information history. This information may include addition of ingredients, time–temperature history, weight, portion size, and more. [1]
Data collection
Refers to how data are created and entered into the data system. For example, scales used to weigh products may be connected to a data system electronically, or data may need to be transcribed manually. Barcode readers and QR scanners commonly are used to read product IDs. [1]
Data partition
Refers to determining which data need to be transmitted down the supply chain (external stream) and which data are kept within the firm (internal stream). Internal data may be partitioned further into data that need to be accessed readily (for example, in the case of a food safety recall), partitioned into a discrete “information silo,” discarded at the firm level or archived data. [1]
Data security
Refers to the mechanisms or processes that establish security of the data within a system. These processes operate at the firm level and also along the supply chain and include the process for setting permissions, as well as determining which staff or trading partners can access data under what circumstances and for what length of time.
Data storage
Describes manner in which data is stored by a firm for all stages of the production process. For example, initial data may be stored and then additional data linked to the older data, or perhaps data are only stored after the product has been shipped. Data storage can be on-site within a server housed at the facility or via a cloud-based database that can be accessed over the internet. Data storage is an ongoing process throughout a firm’s operation. [1]
Data transmission
The mechanisms and processes used to transmit data and information along the supply chain. For example, data may be physically attached to the product, or transmitted electronically after the product has been shipped. [1]
Decentralized Data Management
A distributed database that is managed by a network of devices adhering to a set of rules (computer code) regarding data structure, storage, sharing, encryption, and transactions.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
The electronic transfer of data among computer systems using standardized data formats. EDI allows different software applications at different trading partners to communicate with each other and send and receive transactional data such as purchase orders, invoices, and notices of receipt without the need for human intervention.
Interoperability
The ability of different information technology systems or software programs to communicate seamlessly for the purpose of exchanging and using data. For systems to be truly interoperable, they must have both semantic (common meaning) and syntactic (common format) interoperability.
Systems on board marine vessels that automatically monitor, capture, and record vessel activity and systems status data using measurements and sensors. That data may be displayed in real time for the captain, transmitted to an on-shore receiver, or recorded and stored in the vessel’s “black box”.
Permission-based sharing
Within the context of cloud-based traceability systems, permission-based sharing allows a seafood company to specify which pieces of information it can share with certain trading partners in the supply chain, and which data it prefers to conceal. This information usually pertains to prices and quantities, but also may include more specific product-level data such as harvest location, vessel name, and harvest date (to name a few).
Semantic Interoperability
The ability to communicate accurate and useful information automatically among software programs or computer systems. Semantic interoperability requires an agreed-upon set of standardized vocabulary so that there is no ambiguity; the meaning of the information sent is identical to how the receiver interprets and understands it.
Syntactic Interoperability
The ability of computer systems or software programs to communicate with one another. Syntactic interoperability involves agreed upon standards related to data formatting and communication protocols, such as XML or SQL. The presence of syntactic interoperability does not ensure that the data transmitted from a sender will be interpreted accurately by a receiver; that requires semantic interoperability.
The general term for on-board surveillance systems that enable environmental and fishery regulatory agencies to track the location and activities of commercial fishing vessels operating within a country’s territorial waters, EEZ (exclusive economic zone), or treaty areas. The primary purposes of VMS relate to sustainable fishery management and preventing illegal fishing. Different countries use different communication technologies for VMS and impose different criteria around which registered vessels are required to carry the systems. [7]
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a global species database that aims to be an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Controlled by taxonomic and thematic experts,WoRMS combines information from Aphia with other authoritative marine species lists maintained by others (e.g. AlgaeBase, FishBase).
Supply Chain Processes
Aggregation
The process of combining discrete units or batches.
Chain of Custody
Documentation showing the transfer of ownership of seafood product every time that product changes ownership and/or is altered or repacked. Certifiers often require partners to adhere to a specific chain of custody protocol in order to move labeled, certified product through the supply chain.
Communication protocol
Formal rules or instructions for exchanging information between computer systems. Communication protocols can include authentication, error detection and correction, syntax, and semantics.
A point or step within the food-production process (from raw material to finished product) at which control can be applied in order to prevent, eliminate, or reduce (to an acceptable level) a food safety hazard.
Critical Tracking Event (CTE)
A specific point along a supply chain where certain key data elements need to be captured for the purpose of enabling traceability of a product. CTEs for seafood include harvest, landing, primary processing, aggregation, packaging, shipping, receiving, and sale. For a longer list of CTEs, see Tables 1 through 4 of GFTC Seafood Traceability Technology Architecture Brief.
Forward Contract
Agreement between a fisher and a buyer that commits the buyer to purchase the boat’s catch before the fisher returns to port. Sometimes the forward contract is made before to the fisher leaves on a fishing trip; other times the contract is made as early as the start of the season. In cases where the contract is between a fisher and an end buyer (retail or restaurant), processors and distributors work on a fee-for-service basis and do not take ownership of the product.
Grading
Process of separating product based on a particular feature, such as size or quality, in order to send higher-value products into more premium markets.
A management system in which food safety is addressed through the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards from raw material production, procurement and handling, to manufacturing, distribution, and consumption of the finished product. [9]
Logistics
A management process that coordinates the movement of seafood within processing or storage facilities and among sellers and buyers in a supply chain.
Mass Balance
Accounting method typically used by auditors that ensures the total weight sold for a product does not exceed the total weight purchased. Often used for verifying certified product, mass balance does not always require physical separation of certified product from non-certified product.
A seafood product that has been changed from its original form through cutting (e.g., heading & gutting, filleting, portioning), cooking/smoking, canning, packaging, freezing, etc.
Share
To exchange information related to traceability with another entity, usually a trading partner.
Shrink
This term has two common definitions: 1) Loss in weight of seafood due to dehydration; 2) Revenue loss from seafood that has not sold or has spoiled and must be discarded.
Traceability
Ability to track information about the origin and journey of seafood products as they pass through a supply chain. Traceability requires that the people and businesses in the supply chain have (a) systems to capture, manage, and share data; (b) mechanisms for physically linking products and data (such as tags or barcodes); (c) internal processes for tracking products and information about products as they undergo transformation, aggregation, disaggregation, and packaging within a facility; (d) supply chain visibility, and (e) the ability to verify that data are accurate and remain intact from origin to consumer.
Trace
To use traceability information or records to identify the origin, attributes, or history of a product within the supply chain.
Track
To follow a product or batch as it moves down the supply chain, toward the end user.
Transformation
Any change made to a traceable item (such as a batch or single product) that affects its identity or characteristics. Transformation includes aggregation, disaggregation, processing, value-added activities, packing, and repacking traceable items.
Value-Added
Amount by which the value of a seafood product is increased at a certain node in the supply chain due to specific production methods (e.g., fishing, handling, processing), added ingredients, packaging, or branding.
Logistics and Product Characteristics
A defined quantity of seafood product that has undergone production or transformation at the same time and place, and under the same conditions. There is no standard for what can be considered a batch. A batch can be a single fish or tote, or facility’s production from a single hour, a day, or even an entire year. In general, the smaller the batch size, the lower the amount of product at risk for food safety or security issues, and the less money and inventory a company would lose in the case of a recall.
Bill of Lading
A document detailing the type, quantity, and destination of a seafood shipment. The bill of lading serves as a contract between the shipping party and the transporter. It also serves as a receipt of shipment when the shipment is delivered to the receiving party.
Catch Certificate
A certificate required by individual countries or international groups of countries, such as Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), for validating origin of seafood product. Information required typically includes fishing vessel name, vessel registration number, species, catch area, landing date, total weight, and importer/exporter information. The EU catch certificates require the competent authority of the flag state (the country in which the fishing vessel is registered) to validate the catch, confirming it was caught in compliance with applicable laws and conservation measures. Catch certificates are one way the EU is attempting to combat IUU fishing. The certificates also represent how the EU is trying to ensure traceability of fishery products.
Commodity
High-volume product aggregated from many sources and for which all the individual units are considered identical, regardless of how, where, when, or by whom they were produced or harvested. Units can be whole fish, filets, or value-add products.
Consumer item (See Retail Trade Unit)
An official State-issued form used to document details about individual commercial seafood landings occurring in that State. Most States issue booklets of uniquely numbered paper fish tickets (with 2-3 carbon copies each), which typically are filled out by the first receiver (e.g., processor or wholesaler). One copy of the fish ticket is given to the seller (e.g., fisher or vessel captain), one is sent to the State department responsible for fisheries, and one is kept by the first receiver. Each State creates its own forms.
Logistic unit
An aggregation of items (usually nonretail trade units such as cases or crates) packed specifically for transport or storage. Common logistic units are pallets and containers.
Lot (see Batch)
A document listing the cargo, passengers, and crew on board a ship at the point of departure, which is delivered to customs or other officials upon landing at the destination. The manifest may be used to verify consistency in the vessel’s cargo and occupants between departure and arrival.
Nonretail trade unit
Cases or crates that are not labeled for individual sale, but instead contain individual retail units.
Catch limits issued by a governing or regulatory body on the wild-catch or harvest of a fish stock or fishery resource. Quotas may be set for an entire fishery (total allowable catch) and/or divided into individual fishing quotas (IFQ) for fishers. Quotas are typically set at the start of a fishing season and may be adjusted as fishing ensues and stocks are monitored.
Retail trade unit (Also Consumer Item)
Any item intended for sale to the end consumer. Retail trade units tend to be labeled with barcodes that are scanned at the point of sale.
Storied Fish
Seafood sold with accurate information about its journey from water to plate. This information explains where, when, and how the seafood was caught, who caught it, and often may include other compelling facts about the people or communities involved in the fishery.
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS
A seafood business that is owned and governed by the fishermen supplying fish to the business. Fishing co-ops can give fishermen higher prices for their fish than they might get otherwise, and may also provide dividends based on profits. Some fishing co-ops agree to rules around fishery management, product handling standards, or sell under a common brand.
Often these are non-profit organizations that establish requirements or specifications to ensure processes and products meet criteria for safety, efficiency, quality, etc. Examples involved in the seafood arena include entities establishing guidelines around data identification and exchange and eco-label and certification organizations, such as:
Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC)
Founded in 2012 by WWF and the Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative, this not for profit organization sets standards for a certification and labeling program that aims to promote responsible aquaculture production.
EPCglobal
A neutral, consensus-based, nonprofit standards organization formed as a joint venture between GS1 and GS1 US. EPCglobal issues Electronic Product Codes (ECP), which are unique numbers to be used in RFID tags for identifying products in the supply chain.
Fair Trade USA
The leading third-party certi er of Fair Trade product in the USA, Fair Trade USA sets standards based on its core mission of empowerment, economic development, social development and environmental stewardship. Fair Trade USA launched its Capture Fisheries program in 2014.
Global Aquaculture Alliance’s Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)
The GAA is a non-profit, non-governmental trade organization that sets standards to advance environmentally and socially responsible aquaculture through its BAP program. Standards cover the following steps in the supply chain: farms, feed mills, hatcheries and processing facilities that support the production of farmed raised fish and shellfish.
GS1
An international nonprofit organization that has created standardized identifiers and identifier formats for use in supply chains to facilitate external traceability. The GS1 Global Traceability Standard defines industry-best practices for traceability, including the essential information that must be collected, recorded, and shared.
International Standards Organization (ISO)
The world's largest standards-setter, this international body is made up of standards organizations that work together to develop and promote industry-wide standards
ISEAL
The International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labeling (ISEAL) organization is a non-governmental association with members comprised of sustainability standards and accreditation bodies. The association works to promote credibility and uptake of sustainability standards around the globe.
Marine Stewardship Council
An independent nonprofit organization that sets standards for sustainable fishing and relies on chain-of-custody certification.
Technology clusters
Geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, universities, and other organizations with a specific industry focus and with the goal of leveraging a region’s assets to spur innovation, accelerate the development of new technologies, and create economic opportunity. Clusters are often led by cluster organizations that connect stakeholders and facilitate collaboration within the cluster. [3]
Traceability Provider
A businesses or organization that offers software or hardware designed to fulfill one or more of the five core business functions of traceability (i.e., vessel-dock capture, product-data pairing, internal traceability, supply chain visibility).
Third-Party Certifier
Independent party or organization that specializes in the certification of fisheries, production process, or businesses using an established standard.
Sources:
- Bhatt, T. et al., “Project to Develop an Interoperable Seafood Traceability Technology Architecture: Issues Brief,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 15(2016): 392-429.
- D'Aliessi, Michele, "How Does the Blockchain Work?," Medium, accessed online February 20, 2018. https://medium.com/@micheledaliessi/how-does-the-blockchain-work-98c8cd01d2ae
- "How Clusters Work," EPA, accessed online February 20, 2018. https://www.epa.gov/clusters-program/how-clusters-work
- “Seafood COOL Questions and Answers,” Food Marketing Institute, accessed April 2, 2016. http://www.fmi.org/docs/regulatory/COL_short_qa_2_05.pdf
- “Seafood Traceability Definitions and Terms,” FishWise, accessed online March 3, 2016. https://www.fishwise.org/2015/04/14/seafood-traceability-definitions/
- Meunier, Sebastien, " Blockchain technology — a very special kind of Distributed Database," Medium, accessed online February 20, 2018. https://medium.com/@sbmeunier/blockchain-technology-a-very-special-kind-of-distributed-database-e63d00781118
- "Vessel Monitoring," NOAA Fisheries, accessed online February 20, 2018. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/enforcement/vessel-monitoring
- Petersen, A. & Green, D. Seafood Traceability: A practical guide for the US industry. Raleigh: North Carolina Sea Grant, 2004. Accessed February 2016: http://seafood.oregonstate.edu/.pdf%20Links/Seafood%20Traceability%20-%20A%20Practical%20Guide.pdf
- "Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)," U.S. Food and Drug Administration, accessed online February 20, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/HACCP/
- "Integrated Marine Information System," World Register of Marine Species, accessed online February 20, 2018. http://www.marinespecies.org/imis.php?module=ref&refid=251609
